1. Why is it that an ICMP packet does not have source and destination port numbers?
Answers: ICMP is not used to transfer data, but rather to detect errors. If it cannot reach the IP, it will give an error and only send small amounts of data to check the status of the destination. Thus, it does not need a specific port, it just needs to know whether or not the given IP can be contacted.
2. What is the ICMP protocol number in the IP packet header?
Answers: The protocol number in the IP packet header is 1.
3. Examine the ICMP Echo Request packet. What are the ICMP type and code numbers? What other fields does this ICMP packet have? How many bytes are the checksum, sequence number and identifier fields?
Answers: The Type is 8, which is an Echo (ping) request. The code is 0. The other fields contained are Checksum, Identifier (BE), Identifier (LE), Sequence number (BE), and Sequence number (LE). They are each 2 bytes long.
4. Examine the ICMP error packet received by your host (i.e. the TTL Exceeded packet). It has more fields than the ICMP echo packet. What is included in those fields?
Answers: The additional fields are the IPv4 data from the original packet (ping request). The additional data is a carbon copy of the ICMP part of the original packet.
5. Refer to the screenshot in Figure 1, how many hops are there between the Traceroute client and target destination server is in France (i.e. www.inria.fr)?
Answers: 15 hops.
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