Monday, 31 October 2016

Multi Server Queue Simulation Using C# Source Code

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Program Interface


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Friday, 10 June 2016

Application of Discrete Mathematics RSA Algorithm Report

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Table of Content


  • Introduction
  • Mathematical Prerequisites
    • Euler's Totient Function
    • Coprime Integers
    • Modular Multiplicative Inverse
    • Euler's Theorem
    • Modulo Congruence
  • Operation
    • Generating Public & Private Keys
    • Encryption
    • Key Distribution
    • Decryption
  • Working Example
  • Alternative Solution
    • Caesar Cipher
  • RSA Reliability & Advantages
    • Prime Generation & Integer Factorization
    • Modular Exponetiation and Roots
    • Advantages of RSA over Caesar Cipher
  • Conclusion

Preview

Introduction


Number theory may be one of the “purest” branches of mathematics, but it has turned out to be one of the most useful when it comes to computer security. For instance, number theory helps to protect sensitive data such as credit card numbers when you shop online. This is the result of some remarkable mathematic research from the 1970s that is now being applied worldwide.

Sensitive data exchanged between a user and a Web site needs to be encrypted to prevent it from being disclosed to or modified by unauthorized parties. The encryption must be done in such a way that decryption is only possible with the knowledge of a secret decryption key. The decryption key should be known by authorized parties.

This is the concept of public-key cryptography. The distinguishing technique used in public-key cryptography is the use of asymmetric key algorithms, where a key used by one party to perform either encryption or decryption is not the same as the key used by another in the counterpart decryption. RSA is one of the asymmetric algorithms.

RSA is one of the first practical public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the two products of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem. RSA is made of the initial letters of the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described the algorithm in 1977.

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Wednesday, 8 June 2016

Smart Parking System Based On Wireless Sensor Network Report

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Table of Content


  • Abstract
  • Introduction
    • Existing Approach
      • Issue/Problems
      • Absence of Parking Guidance
      • Undetermined Parking Availability
      • Absence of Parking Pricing & Regulations Information
      • Poor Law Enforcement
      • Inconvenient Payment Solution
      • Absence of Parking Analytic Data
  • Solution
    • Mobile Application Solution
    • Wireless Sensor Network
    • Guided Parking Enforcement
    • Mobile Payment Solution
    • Concept Art
  • Network Architecture & Protocol Stack
    • Introduction
    • Sensor Node Structure
    • Architecture
    • Protocol Stack
      • Application Layer
      • Transport Layer
      • Network Layer
      • Data Link Layer
      • Physical Layer
  • Literature Review
    • Parking Guidance & Information Systems (PGIS)
    • Transit-Based Smart Parking System
    • Smart Payment Solution
    • E-Parking
    • Other WSN based Systems
  • Potential Flaws & Ways To Overcome
  • Summary
  • Citation
  • Works Cited

Preview

Introduction


Parking, the most agonizing experience any urban driver can have. The thoughts that come to mind are often quite negative. When it comes to finding a parking space, drivers either rely on their good eyesight where they make move as soon as they lock-on a target or they just simply bet on their instincts where each turn they make hopefully will lead to a jackpot. People can spend up to hours just to find one parking space. Not only does this make the drivers go nuts, it also contributes to traffic congestion and even environmental pollution. However, it isn’t always about the driver. Shops and local businesses are also heavily affected by the parking availability near them. On the other hand, from time to time some portion of the people just doesn’t feel like abiding the rules. This is where parking violations comes in that ruins the parking enforcement laws. As we look at ways to apply technology to tackle some of the most pressing issues facing our cities today, parking is sure ripe for some innovation. Below are some interesting facts provided by Cisco that tells us a little bit more about parking.

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Tuesday, 24 May 2016

Wireshark Lab ARP Solution

Link to download document down below! (Microsoft Word format)

1.  Write down the contents of your computer’s ARP cache (see above procedure: Step 1).  What is the meaning of each column value?

Answer: The Internet Address column represents the IP address of the computer at the network layer, the Physical Address column contains the MAC address to physically communicate with the hardware that is located at that IP address, and the Type column indicates whether it is changing (dynamic) or not (static).


2.  Where in the ARP request does the “question” appear – the Ethernet address of the machine whose corresponding IP address is being queried? (see Wireshark).

Answer: The “question” appears in the ‘Target MAC address’.


3.  Why is the ARP request message sent as broadcast (i.e. to all other devices), whereas the ARP reply is sent as a unicast directly to the sender device only? Explain.

Answer: ARP requests are sent as broadcast because the destination or the target device is yet unknown. Broadcasting will be faster and more efficient to look for the device that matches the address of the request. ARP replies are sent as unicast because a connection has been established between two devices, therefore direct communication can be formed.

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Wireshark Lab IP Solution

Link to download document down below! (Microsoft Word format)

1.  Within the IP packet header, what is the value in the protocol field? What does this value mean?

Answer: The value in the protocol field is ICMP (1). It means the protocol field has only 1 byte.


2.  How many bytes are in the IP header? How many bytes are in the payload of the IP datagram?  Explain how you determined the number of payload bytes.

Answer: There are 20 bytes in the IP header, and 92 bytes total length, this gives 72 bytes in the payload of the IP datagram.


3.  Which fields in the IP datagram always change from one datagram to the next within this series of ICMP messages sent by your computer? Explain why they change.

Answer: Identification, Time to live and Header checksum always change. The identification is a unique value. Different IP packets must have different IDs to identify themselves. TTL always changes because traceroute increments each subsequent packet. Header checksum changes because since header change, checksum must also change.

4.  What is the value in the Identification field and the TTL field?

Answer: 
The value in the identification field is 46463.
The value in the TTL field is 255.



5.  Do these values (referring to question 4) remain unchanged for all of the ICMP TTL-exceeded replies sent to your computer by the nearest (first hop) router?  Why?

Answer: The identification field changes for all the ICMP TTL-exceeded replies because the identification field is a unique value. When two or more IP datagrams have the same identification value, then it means that these IP datagrams are fragments of a single large IP datagram.

The TTL field remains unchanged because the TTL for the first hop router is always the same.

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Wireshark Lab ICMP & Traceroute Solution

Link to download document down below! (Microsoft Word format)

1.  Why is it that an ICMP packet does not have source and destination port numbers?

Answers: ICMP is not used to transfer data, but rather to detect errors. If it cannot reach the IP, it will give an error and only send small amounts of data to check the status of the destination. Thus, it does not need a specific port, it just needs to know whether or not the given IP can be contacted.

2.  What is the ICMP protocol number in the IP packet header?

Answers: The protocol number in the IP packet header is 1.


3.  Examine the ICMP Echo Request packet. What are the ICMP type and code numbers? What other fields does this ICMP packet have? How many bytes are the checksum, sequence number and identifier fields?

Answers: The Type is 8, which is an Echo (ping) request. The code is 0. The other fields contained are Checksum, Identifier (BE), Identifier (LE), Sequence number (BE), and Sequence number (LE). They are each 2 bytes long.

4.  Examine the ICMP error packet received by your host (i.e. the TTL Exceeded packet). It has more fields than the ICMP echo packet. What is included in those fields?

Answers: The additional fields are the IPv4 data from the original packet (ping request). The additional data is a carbon copy of the ICMP part of the original packet.




5.  Refer to the screenshot in Figure 1, how many hops are there between the Traceroute client and target destination server is in France (i.e. www.inria.fr)?


Answers: 15 hops.

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Wireshark Lab DNS Solution

Link to download document down below! (Microsoft Word format)

1.  Locate the DNS query and response messages. Are they sent over UDP or TCP?

Answer: They sent over UDP.




2.  What is the destination port for the DNS query message? What is the source port of DNS response message?

Answer: 
Destination port: domain (53)
Source port: domain (53)


3.  To what IP address is the DNS query message sent? Use ipconfig to determine the IP address of your local DNS server. Are these two IP addresses the same?

Answer: 172.18.41.2, yes the two IP addresses are the same.


4.  Examine the DNS query message. What “Type” of DNS query is it? Does the query message contain any “answers”?

Answer: Type: A (Host address), the query message does not contain any “answers”.



5.  Examine the DNS response message. How many “answers” are provided? What does each of these answers contain?

Answer: 
1 “answers” is provided.
The answer contains: www.ietf.org: type A, class IN, addr 12.22.58.30


6.  This web page contains images. Before retrieving each image, does your host issue new DNS queries?

Answer:
No.

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